XTUBECINEMA Gardner et al. used mutual repression between two control units to create an implementation of a toggle switch capable of controlling cells in a bistable manner: transient stimuli resulting in persistent responses. Two early examples of synthetic biological circuits were published in Nature in 2000. One, by Tim Gardner, Charles Cantor, and Jim Collins working at Boston University, demonstrated a "bistable" switch in E. coli. To develop such a cell, it is necessary to create a complex synthetic cellular circuit which can respond appropriately to a given stimulus. Nature. 403 (6767): 339-342. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..339G.|France at the 2024 Summer Olympics